> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://edsonha.gitbook.io/my-gitbook/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://edsonha.gitbook.io/my-gitbook/javascript/new-es-edition.md).

# New ES Edition

Optional Chaining Operator

Instead of causing an error if a reference is [nullish](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Nullish) ([`null`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/null) or [`undefined`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/undefined)), the expression short-circuits with a return value of `undefined`

```
const adventurer = {
  name: 'Alice',
  cat: {
    name: 'Dinah'
  }
};

const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name;
console.log(dogName); // undefined
console.log(adventurer.dog.name) 
// Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'name' of undefined

```

Nullish Coalescing Operator

 a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is [`null`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/null) or [`undefined`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/undefined), and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand. This can be contrasted with the [logical OR (`||`) operator](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Logical_OR), which returns the right-hand side operand if the left operand is *any* [falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators#description)[ ](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators#description)value, not only `null` or `undefined`.

```
const foo = null ?? 'default string';
console.log(foo);
// expected output: "default string"

const foo2 = null || 'default string';
console.log(foo2);
// expected output: "default string"

const baz = 0 ?? 42;
console.log(baz);
// expected output: 0

const baz2 = 0 || 42;
console.log(baz2);
// expected output: 42
```

Globalthis

```
globalThis is the universal that was previously use in browser as (window. ) 
and in terminal as (global. )
```

type:module 

```
put type:module inside package.json to use import, export syntax in node
```